Abnormal proliferation of tissues - polyps can be diagnosed in every organ where there are blood vessels. As a rule, these growths are of good quality, but sometimes they are malignant, that is, degeneration into a malignant tumor. To degenerate into cancer polyps can in the following cases:
- Neoplasms consist of glandular cells.
- Exceeding 2 cm in diameter.
- Multiple neoplasms that make up the colony.
In the initial stage of cancer, the symptoms are unclear and masked as manifestations of other diseases. Previously, a person should be alerted by severe abdominal pains, fast food satiety, weakness and weight loss, bloody stools.
Gastric carcinoma and polyps
Cancer is widespread in the world and is more common in men. The greatest number of cases is observed in elderly people who have reached the age of sixty. The reasons are unknown, but the risk factors are:
- Eating foods high in nitrates, spicy and salty foods, smoked foods.
- Genetic predisposition.
- Adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps.
In most cases, clinical manifestations of cancer are rapid development of discomfort at the top of the abdomen, accompanied by anorexia and nausea, acute or persistent bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract. For proper diagnosis of the tumor, fluoroscopy and gastroscopy with further cytological examination, taken with specimen biopsy, are used.
Treatment provides only removal of the affected part of the stomach with subsequent radiation and chemotherapy. The frequency of degeneration into cancer of adenomatous polyps depends on the location of their location. At their location in the middle and upper part of the stomach, adenomas are fixed in 62.4% of all patients, and only 35.5% - with localization in the upper part of the stomach. The greatest risk of malignancy occurs in adenomas located on the back wall of the stomach mucosa.
Three groups of cancerous polyps stand out:
- Malignant degeneration of small, invisible nodules on the mucosa in the form of a small single knot. According to statistics, about ten percent of the carcinoma of the stomach originated from such growths.
- Conversion of neoplasm into cancer, in which changes take place for a long time. There are cases when from one villus polyp develops cancer, so all neoplasms on the stomach mucosa must be examined.
- Polyposis carcinoma occurs in eight percent of all malignant cases.
With the timely removal of cancer education and excision of nearby lymph nodes, the forecast is further favorable. In general, this or that degree of dysplasia is inherent in all adenomatous polyps. Classification of the World Health Organization provides for different degrees of dysplasia of cellular and tissue atypism. According to the degree of malignancy, they are divided into:
- low, including mild and moderate dysplasia;
- high degree, characterized by cancer cells and severe dysplasia.
Colon cancer and polyps
If a patient has an adenomatous polyp, the risk of colon cancer during the next fifteen years of life is five to eight percent. Adenomatous polyposis of the colon approximately in 1% of cases turns into cancer. Clinical manifestations of degeneration are absent, but sometimes in some patients the analysis of feces for latent blood gives a positive reaction.
The highest degree of degeneration exists in formations with a wide base or without a pedicle, and also with a size of more than three centimeters. By the degree of malignancy, villous adenomas belong to a high-risk group. The most dangerous from the point of view of degeneration into cancer is the family polyposis of the large intestine. If this disease is not treated, then by the age of forty it turns into a colon carcinoma with 100% probability.
Among malignant formations of internal organs, colon cancer ranks second and sharply increases with reaching the age of over fifty years. Treatment involves resection of the large intestine containing the tumor. For the prevention of carcinoma, early diagnostics is of particular importance. For this purpose, for patients over 40 years of age, who have been diagnosed with adenomatous type polyps, it is recommended to perform finger examination and feces analysis for blood annually. After reaching the 50-year boundary, it is desirable to screen at least once every three years with a flexible sigmoidoscope.
Total polyposis
Tissue formations on the mucous membranes of internal organs associated with a wide base or pedicle, united by a common term - polyposis. The total polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract, in which multiple formations are detected throughout the body, is rare, but the likelihood of an unfavorable prognosis for degeneration is very high.
A total polyposis of the rectum is selected at the location of the site, in which the bowel function is disrupted. This disease is a precancerous condition with a huge index of transformation of the build-up on the mucosa into a malignant tumor. Therefore, only radical surgical intervention is the only effective way to prevent the development of such a threat to human health and life.
Polyps from the rectum are removed by rectoscopy. Conservative treatment is used when there is a vital indication or in case of uncomplicated total polyposis of the entire gastrointestinal tract, which is extremely rare. The final decision on the type of operation and its volume is taken after histological examination of tissue samples taken at a colonoscopy.
Preparation for a colonoscopy is carried out within a week before the procedure, prescribing a protein-free diet. Immediately before the study, two cleansing enemas are put on the eve, and in the morning they put another cleansing enema. Then conduct a digital examination of the rectum. Introducing the colonoscope into the anus with the help of the index finger, further advancement is carried out under visual control. Conducting a polypectomy through a colonoscope is a complex operation and it is performed in a hospital.