"It is necessary to pass a biopsy" - many people heard this phrase from the attending physician. But why is it needed, what does this procedure give and how is it conducted?
The concept of
Biopsy is a diagnostic study involving the collection of biomaterial from a suspicious area of the body, for example, compaction, tumor formation, long-term non-healing wound, etc.
This technique is considered the most effective and reliable among all used in the diagnosis of oncological pathologies.
Photo of the biopsy of the breast
- Thanks to the microscopic examination of the biopsy, it is possible to accurately determine the cytology of the tissues, which gives complete information about the disease, its degree, etc.
- The use of biopsy allows to reveal the pathological process at its earliest stage, which helps to avoid many complications.
- In addition, this diagnosis allows you to determine the scope of the forthcoming operation in cancer patients.
Types of
Biomaterial sampling can be done in many ways. Treating biopsy is a technique for obtaining a biopsy by means of a special thick needle( trephine).
Why do a biopsy?
Biopsy is indicated in cases where, after carrying out other diagnostic procedures, the results are not sufficient to establish an accurate diagnosis.
Usually a biopsy is prescribed when a tumor is detected to determine the nature and type of tissues of the formation.
This diagnostic procedure is now successfully used to diagnose a variety of pathological conditions, even non-cancerous ones, since in addition to malignancy the method allows to determine the degree of spread and severity, developmental stage, etc.
The main indication is the study of the nature of the tumor, however, often a biopsy is prescribed for monitoringcarried out treatment of oncology.
Today, you can get a biopsy from virtually any area of the body, and the biopsy procedure can perform not only a diagnostic, but also a therapeutic mission, when the removal of a pathological focus is performed in the process of obtaining the biomaterial.
Contraindications
Despite all the usefulness and highly informative technique, the biopsy has its contraindications:
- Presence of blood pathologies and problems related to blood flow;
- Intolerance of some drugs;
- Chronic myocardial insufficiency;
- If alternative non-invasive diagnostic options are available that have similar informative value;
- If the patient has refused to do so in writing.
Methods for testing the
material The biomaterial or bioptate obtained is subjected to further investigation, which is carried out using microscopic techniques. Usually, biological tissues are sent for cytological or histological diagnosis.
Histological
The biopsy specimen for histology involves microscopic examination of tissue sections, which are placed in a specialized solution, then in paraffin, followed by staining and sections.
Staining is necessary for the cells and their areas to be better distinguished by microscopic examination, on the basis of which the doctor makes the conclusion. The patient receives the results after 4-14 days.
Doctors have quite a short period of time for determining the type of tumor, deciding on the volumes and methods of surgical treatment. Therefore, in such situations, urgent histology is practiced.
Cytological
If the histology relies on the study of tissue sections, then the cytology assumes a detailed study of cellular structures. A similar technique is used if it is not possible to obtain a piece of tissue.
Similar diagnostics is carried out primarily to determine the nature of a particular formation - benign, malignant, inflammatory, reactive, precancerous, etc.
The resulting biopsy is done by smearing the glass and then conducting a microscopic examination.
Although cytological diagnosis is considered to be simpler and faster, the histology is still more reliable and accurate.
Preparation of
Before a biopsy a patient needs to undergo a laboratory examination of blood and urine for the presence of various infections and inflammatory processes. In addition, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, X-ray diagnostics is performed.
The doctor studies the disease and finds out whether the patient is taking medications.
It is very important to tell the doctor about the presence of blood clotting pathologies and allergies to medications. If the procedure is planned to be carried out under anesthesia, you can not eat and drink liquid hours for 8 before taking a biopsy.
How is biopsy done in certain organs and tissues?
Biomaterial sampling is performed using general or local anesthesia, so the procedure is usually not accompanied by painful sensations.
The patient is placed on the couch or operating table in the right position for the specialist. Then they start the process of obtaining a biopsy. The total duration of the process is often a few minutes, and with invasive methods can reach half an hour.
In gynecology
Indication for biopsy in gynecological practice is the diagnosis of pathologies of the uterine neck and body, endometrium and vagina, ovaries, external organs of the reproductive system.
This diagnostic technique is decisive in the detection of precancerous, background and malignant lesions.
In gynecology apply:
- Injection biopsy - when scalpel excision of tissue is performed;
- A sighting biopsy - when all manipulations are controlled by advanced hysteroscopy or colposcopy;
- Aspiration - when the biomaterial is obtained by aspiration;
- Laparoscopic biopsy - this method usually takes a biopsy from the ovaries.
An endometrial biopsy is performed using a biopsy needle, which uses a special curette.
Intestine
Small and large intestinal biopsy is performed in various ways:
- Puncture;
- by the loop;
- Trepanation - when a biopsy sampling is carried out using a sharp hollow tube;
- Plucked;
- Incisional;
- Scarification - when the scrape biopsy is performed.
The specific choice of the method is determined by the nature and location of the area under investigation, but more often than not, colonoscopy with biopsy is used.
Pancreas
Biopsy material from the pancreas is obtained in several ways: by aspirating fine-needle, laparoscopic, transduodental, intraoperative, etc.
Indications for pancreatic biopsy are the need to determine the morphological changes in pancreatic cells in the presence of tumors and to identify other pathological processes.
Muscles
If a doctor suspects the development of a systemic connective tissue pathology in the patient, which is usually accompanied by muscle damage, then a biopsy study of the muscle and muscle fascia will help determine the disease.
In addition, this procedure is carried out with suspicions on the development of nodular periarteritis, dermatopoly myositis, eosinophilic ascites, etc. Such diagnostics are applied with a needle or an open method.
Heart
Biopsy diagnostics of the myocardium helps to detect and confirm pathologies such as myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmia of incomprehensible etiology, and also to reveal the processes of rejection of the transplanted organ.
Statistically, a right ventricular biopsy is performed more often, with access to the organ via the jugular vein on the right, femoral or subclavian vein. All manipulations are controlled by fluoroscopy and ECG.
A catheter( bioptom) is inserted into the vein, which is brought to the required site, where it is necessary to obtain a sample. On the bioptom, special tweezers are opened, which nibble off a small piece of tissue. To avoid thrombosis during the procedure, a special drug is given through the catheter.
Bladder
Urinary bladder in men and women is performed in two ways: cold and TUR biopsy.
Cold method involves transurethral cytoscopic penetration and biopsy sampling with special tweezers. TUR-biopsy involves the removal of the entire tumor to healthy tissues. The purpose of such a biopsy is to remove all visible formations from the urinary wall and precise diagnosis.
Blood
A bone marrow biopsy is performed in the case of malignant tumor pathologies like leukemia.
A biopsy study of bone marrow tissue is also indicated for iron deficiency, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and anemia.
A needle doctor takes a certain amount of red bone marrow and a small ponytail sample. Sometimes the study is limited to obtaining only a bone-in sample. The procedure is performed by an aspiration method or trepanobiopsy.
Eyes
Examination of the eye tissues is necessary, in the presence of retinoblastoma - tumor formation of malignant origin. Similar tumors are often found in children.
Biopsy helps to get a complete picture of the pathology and to determine the scale of the tumor process. In the process of diagnosing retinoblastoma, the technique of aspiration biopsy using vacuum extraction is applied.
Bone tissue
Bone biopsy is performed to identify malignant lesions or infectious processes. Usually, such manipulations are performed percutaneously puncture, with a thick or thin needle or surgically.
Oral cavity
A biopsy examination of the oral cavity involves receiving a biopsy specimen from the larynx, tonsils, salivary glands, throat and gums. Such diagnostics is prescribed when pathological formations of jaw bones or oral cavity are detected, salivary-fleshy pathologies are defined, etc.
The procedure is usually performed by a facial surgeon. He uses a scalpel to take a part and a whole tumor. The entire procedure takes about a quarter of an hour. Soreness is observed when an anesthetic is injected, and pain is absent when taking a biopsy.
Analysis results
The results of biopsy diagnosis are considered normal if the patient has not found any cellular changes in the test tissues.
Consequences of
The most common consequence of this diagnosis is the rapidly passing bleeding and soreness at the site of the biopsy sampling.
About one third of patients after a biopsy experience moderate to weak soreness.
Serious complications after biopsy usually do not occur, although in rare cases, the lethal effects of biopsy also occur( 1 out of 10,000 cases).
Aftercare
After a biopsy study, physical rest is recommended. Within a few days after the procedure, soreness at the site of the biopsy specimen is possible.
Patient Reviews
Inga:
A gynecologist discovered that I had neck erosion. There was a strong suspicion of bad cells, so they prescribed a biopsy. The procedure was done in the gynecologist's office, it was unpleasant, but it did not hurt. After a biopsy a little bit ached a lower abdomen, a blood. Even in gynecology they put a tampon and told me to hold it until evening. The next day there were also minor discharge, but then everything went away. Therefore, you do not need to be afraid of the procedure.
Eugene:
Often worried about incomplete emptying, rezi with urination and other negative symptoms. Went to the doctors, appointed a biopsy of the bladder. The procedure is not painful, but it is not pleasant in it. Did or made through a urethra, vile sensations. Found the cause of the problems, so the biopsy was not in vain.
Cost of analysis
The price of the biopsy procedure has a fairly wide range of prices.
- The pipel biopsy costs about 1100-8000 rubles;
- Aspiration biopsy - 1900-9500 rubles;
- Trepan-biopsy - 1200-9800 rubles.
The cost depends on the method of obtaining a biopsy, the level of the clinic and other factors.
Replies from specialists from
- What does the biopsy show?
Biopsy allows to obtain a biomaterial, after which it becomes clear whether there are structurally cellular changes in tissues characteristic of malignant oncological processes and other pathologies.
- How long does a biopsy take?
The average duration of the procedure is approximately 10-20 minutes. Depending on the type of procedure, the duration may be reduced to 5 minutes or may be increased to 40 minutes.
- Does it hurt to do a biopsy?
Usually a biopsy specimen is taken using anesthesia or anesthesia, so there is no pain. In some cases, patients note the presence of unpleasant sensations.
- What is the difference between a puncture and a biopsy?
A biopsy involves a plucking out of a biopsy, and a puncture is a suction of the biomaterial with a syringe. Can the biopsy be erroneous?
Like any diagnostic procedure, a biopsy can also be wrong. For the minimum probability of an error, it is necessary to draw a biopsy specimen according to generally accepted rules.
- Is biopsy dangerous?
Any invasive procedure involves a certain risk, a biopsy is not an exception. But the risk of complications with this procedure is so small that it is not worth talking about the trend. In order to avoid complications, it is recommended that you go to proven and reputable medical institutions, where highly qualified personnel are involved.
- Where to make a biopsy?
To take a biopsy, it is advisable to go to clinics with a good reputation, specialized medical centers and institutes, since only in such medical institutions there is the necessary equipment for the safe and minimally invasive production of biological material.
Video on what a biopsy is dangerous: