Polyps: types, photos, symptoms, causes, treatment and removal, video

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Polyp is called benign rounded growths, located on the walls of organs with a hollow structure and protruding into their lumen.

Polyposis lesions may be located on the stem or attached to the surface of the organ by means of a wide base. Polyps are found in any organs that have a mucous lining layer.

Polyposis growths are not dangerous to the patient, however, in some cases under favorable conditions they are able to degenerate into malignant formations.

And the absence of anxiety symptomatology does not guarantee that in the future the polyp is not malignant. Therefore, experts recommend that such formations be removed or treated with conservative methods.

Localization of

Polyps, as noted above, can be localized in any hollow organ that has a mucous inner shell.

Most often, such formations occur:

• In the uterus, ovaries and cervical canal;
• In the stomach and intestines, on the cardia( the joint of the stomach with the esophagus);
• In the urinary and gallbladder;
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• On the skin, especially in the neck;
• In the auricles;
• In the kidneys, liver and pancreas;
• On the vocal cords;
• In the nasal cavity, mouth, etc.

Types of

There is a fairly extensive classification of polyposis formations. Depending on the etiology, they are inflammatory, neoplastic or hyperplastic.

According to the prevalence, they are divided into single and multiple, and according to morphological features they are classified into fibrous and cystic-granulating, hyperplastic, villous, glandular-villous and glandular. Each species has its own characteristics and attributes.

Placental

A placental polyp is an abnormal outgrowth on the inner uterine wall, which is formed from the residual tissues of the parenchyma of the placenta. Usually, such polypous formations occur after childbirth, spontaneous miscarriages or abortions.

If the placental growth is formed during pregnancy, it does not pose a risk to the fetus and the mother. This formation is also called decidual, and it is formed from the fetal membrane and placental tissue.

Iron-fibrous

Polyps of glandular fibrous type are formed from connective tissue and glandular cell structures. Similar sprouting is more common in the uterine cavity or on the cervical mucosa.

This photo shows what the endometrial polyp looks like with hysteroscopy

It is found mainly in older and mature women. The structure of formation is mainly connective tissue, but there are inclusions of glandular tissues, from which the name of the species is glandular fibrous.

Adenomatous

Adenomatous polyposic lesions occur in the intestine, uterus and other structures. They, as a rule, have a leg consisting of smooth-muscular and connective-tissue fiber structures.

Similar growths are attributed to precancerous formations, as they are prone to malignancy and degeneration into cancer.

According to statistics, among all polyposive growths adenomatous occur in 10% of cases.

Hyperplastic

Such polyps are usually formed against the background of abnormal growth of healthy tissues. Hyperplastic formations are found in medical practice more often than other species, they can be localized in the stomach, intestines, uterus, etc. Such polyposis growths very rarely develop into cancer( 0.5% of cases).

They arise on the background of infections and bacterial activity of microorganisms. The development of such a polyp is due to hyperplastic changes in the epithelial cell structures of the organ, ie, there is no mutagenic trace or cell degeneration in the etiology of polypous formation.

The decidual

Decidual polyps are called small protruding formations, localized on the mucous membrane of the cervix. Occurs during pregnancy against the background of changes in the hormonal background leading to decidualization of the cervical tissues, i.e., overgrowth.

According to statistics, about 23% of women in pregnancy face polypous lesions in the uterine neck.

A characteristic feature of decidual formation is the abundance of blood vessels, therefore at the slightest influence they begin to bleed, for example, with gynecological examination or sexual intercourse. Such injuries can lead to inflammation, and therefore require careful attention.

Usually, this type of growth occurs independently after delivery and restoration of the hormonal status.

Endometrial

Endometrial polyps are the formations localized on the walls of the uterus and forming from its inner layer.

occurs in women of any age, but is more typical for patients in the premenopausal period, which specialists explain by hormonal changes, which in this case are considered the norm.

Normally, endometrial polyposisations do not extend beyond the uterine mucosa, but sometimes sprout into the vagina.

Fibroepithelial

Fibroepithelial polyp, which is also called papilloma, is a benign warty-like formation and is located mainly on the lateral surfaces of the neck and in large skin folds.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol polyps are located on the walls of the gallbladder and, in fact, are not true polyps. This psevdopolopoloznye formations, which are formed from cholesterol deposits on the mucous walls of the gallbladder. Such pseudopolypes are easily amenable to conservative treatment without the intervention of surgeons.

Hoanal

Hoanal polyps are localized in the nasal cavity, growing out of a wedge or maxillary sinus in the direction of the choana( this is the opening that connects the nasopharynx with the nasal cavity).Usually the choanal growths are formed only on one side in one sinus.

Granulation

Granulation polyps are caused by proliferation of glandular( granulation) tissues, which usually occurs against inflammatory processes like sinusitis. Such formations usually have a characteristic leg, they necessarily need treatment in an operative way.

Hyperplasia-like

Similar polyposisations occur in the nose due to regeneration disorders in the glandular structures. They almost never become malignant and lend themselves to conservative therapeutic effects.

Insect-like

Polypous lesions of villous type are formed from epithelial tissues, can be nodular or creeping. Such polyps often have an extensive vascular network, which is why they are painted in a bright red color. They often bleed, become covered with ulcers and are necrotic. Are prone to malignancy.

What do they come from?

Polyposic formations can arise for various reasons, which are still the subject of study. Specialists identify the general and specific factors that cause the appearance of polyps.

To general etiological factors include:

• Hereditary predisposition;
• Hormonal failures and changes usually cause polyposis formation in women in the uterus and cervical canal;
• Unhealthy habits and addictions like alcohol and tobacco smoking;
• Age features. In the adult population, polyposis sprouting is more common than in children;
• The presence of inflammatory processes in the body. If a person has any chronic infectious focus or inflammation, then this creates favorable conditions for the appearance of polyps, especially chronic and untreated pathologies.

There are a number of specific reasons that are caused by the location of polypous education:

1. In the uterus and its neck polyposis proliferations are formed against a background of hormonal imbalance, erosions, frequent abortions, pregnancy, etc.;
2. In the nasal cavity, growths occur due to untreated infectious diseases or allergic reactions that contribute to inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which leads to the development of polyps;
3. In the bladder, such formations appear mainly in men on the background of functional disorders in the genitourinary system;
4. In the gastrointestinal tract, polypous growths are formed due to bacterial activity, for example, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, etc.

Quite often, specialists can not determine the true cause of polyps, as it often consists of a whole group of factors.

Symptoms of

Most often, polypous formations grow and develop asymptomatically, and are detected by accidental examinations.

If the formation reaches a large size and complicates the functionality of neighboring tissues, then specific signs may appear.

• For example, intestinal outgrowths of can be characterized by the presence of feces of blood and mucus in the stool, frequent constipation or diarrhea. At very large sizes, intestinal obstruction can develop.
• In case of uterine localization of , a woman may have uncharacteristic premenstrual secretions, the cycle is broken, menstrual periods go on for a long time, intermenstrual spotting of various character and cramping pains disturb.
• Nasal build-ups of are often troubled by headaches, nasal and obstructed nasal breathing, runny nose and purulent-mucous discharge, sneezing and olfactory disorders.
• Gastric polyposic lesions of can cause bleeding at large sizes, violating the permeability of the stomach. If the polyp is on a long stem, then it can fall into the 12-colon, where it is jammed, causing severe pain, surrendering throughout the abdomen.
• On the vocal cords of , the growths cause hoarseness, the desire to clear throat, sensation of foreign matter, chronic cough, etc. Against the backdrop of these manifestations, there is no painful sensation or perspiration.
• Gallbladder polyps are characterized by painful sensations, dyspepsia, colic in the liver and icteric symptoms. Polyp leads to disorders of cholic outflow, which causes the development of mechanical jaundice.

Symptoms may not be at all if the polyp is small in size, which leads to difficulties in diagnosing such formations.

What is dangerous polyposis growths?

Polyps themselves can not harm health, but some of them are prone to malignancy, which leads to the cancer of the organ where the polyp was formed. This is the main danger of polypous entities.

In addition, the polyp at large sizes can interfere with neighboring tissues and cause in them various kinds of disorders.

For example, endometrial polyps can cause infertility, menstrual irregularities, excessive bleeding with subsequent anemia, etc.

Nasal polyps, in the absence of timely treatment, can lead to nasal breathing difficulties, the patient will have to breathe through the mouth, which increases the risk of respiratory system diseases andpromotes the development of bronchial asthma.

Diagnosis

You can detect the polyp using various procedures. In polyps in internal organs, ultrasound is used, in the throat and cervix of the uterus, polyposic lesions are detected using an endoscope, a colonoscope or a hysteroscope.

After removal, the polyp is necessarily subjected to a histological examination to detect atypical malignant cells if a malignancy process has begun.

How to treat polyps?

The approach to treating polyps is usually surgical or conservative.

Some varieties of polyposic formations are prone to malignancy, so it is recommended that they be urgently removed.

Other polyps are well suited for conservative treatment, so they do not need surgery.

Removing

There are many ways to remove polyposic lesions:

1. Hysteroscopy. The technique for targeted removal is usually used to eliminate polyposis formations in the uterine cavity, cervical canal;
2. Laser removal. Education is eliminated by exposure to a laser beam. This technique is usually used to remove proliferation in the uterus, nasal cavity, etc.;
3. Scraping. Such removal involves the removal of outgrowths from the uterus by means of a special curette;
4. Hysteroresectoscopy. Minimally invasive method of removal of polyposic formations, excluding postoperative exacerbations and complications;
5. Radio wave removal is carried out by a special apparatus Surgitron;
6. Endoscopic removal. The procedure is performed using an endoscope. Polypous structures in this way are completely removed, which reduces the likelihood of recurrence to a minimum;
7. Electroexcision is performed through the rectoscope and involves the removal of outgrowths from the intestine using electro-loops;
8. Polypectomy is a traditional removal of a polyposis outgrowth with a scalpel.

Price

The cost of prompt removal of polypous formations depends on the technique used.

• Laser removal of nasal polyp will cost approximately 3000-12000 rubles.
• Hysteroscopic removal of the endometrial polyp - 4800-15700 rubles.

Treatment without surgery

Some varieties of polyposis formations are susceptible to conservative treatment. With the help of special medications you can achieve reduction of the polyp or its complete resorption. Such treatment is important in women's formations.

With the help of hormone therapy, estrogen decreases and progesterone increases. As a result, the actual causes of polyposic lesions are eliminated, the growths wither and go out together with the menstrual secretions. Homeopathic drops are sometimes used to treat nasal formations.

How to get rid of polyps folk remedies?

In the arsenal of traditional medicine, there are many tools for the treatment of endometrial, nasal and cholelithiasis and gastric polyps.

There are such medicinal plants that have antitumor activity, they are able to slow down and stop the growth of polyps, to prevent their malignancy and the appearance of new formations. To such herbs include boron and celandine, healing mushrooms and decoctions.

Prevention

As prevention of polyposis formation, it is recommended to exclude the etiological factors causing the appearance of pathological growths. This is a healthy lifestyle, the elimination of infectious and inflammatory foci, control of the hormonal background, etc.

Otherwise, preventive measures depend on the localization of polypous entities.

Video about the polyp of the uterine cavity: