Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura with the formation of a fibrous plaque on its surface or effusion inside it. Appears as an accompanying pathology or as a consequence of various diseases.
Pleurisy is an independent disease( primary pleurisy), but more often it is the effects of acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the lungs( secondary pleurisy).Divide into dry, otherwise known as fibrinous, and effusive( serous, serous-fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic) pleurisy.
Pleuritis is often one of the symptoms of systemic diseases( oncology, rheumatism, tuberculosis).However, vivid clinical manifestations of the disease often cause doctors to exhibit pleurisy at the forefront, and already by its presence to find out the true diagnosis. Pleurisy can occur at any age, many of them remain unrecognized.
Reasons for
Why does lung pleurisy occur, what is it, and how to treat it? Pleurisy is a disease of the respiratory system, when it develops, the visceral( pulmonary) and parietal( parietal) pleura are inflamed - the connective tissue membrane that covers the lungs and the inner surface of the thorax.
Also in pleurisy between the pleura sheets( in the pleural cavity), liquids can be deposited, for example, blood, pus, serous or putrefactive exudate. The causes of pleurisy can be conditionally divided into infectious and aseptic or inflammatory( non-infectious).
Infectious causes of pleurisy of lungs include:
- bacterial infections( pneumococcus, staphylococcus),
- fungal lesions( blastomycosis, candidiasis),
- syphilis,
- typhoid fever,
- tularemia,
- tuberculosis,
- thoracic trauma,
- surgical intervention.
The causes of noninfectious pleurisy of the lungs are as follows:
- pleural malignant tumors,
- pleural metastasis( for breast, lung cancer, etc.),
- diffuse connective tissue lesions( systemic vasculitis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus), lung infarction,
- TELA.
Factors that increase the risk of pleurisy:
- stress and overwork;
- subcooling;
- is an unbalanced, nutrient-poor diet;
- hypokinesia;
- medicinal allergies.
Pleural flow can be:
- acute to 2-4 weeks,
- subacute from 4 weeks to 4-6 months,
- chronic, more than 4-6 months.
Microorganisms enter the pleural cavity in different ways. Infectious agents can penetrate through contact, through blood or lymph. Direct hit them occurs with injuries and injuries, during surgery.
Dry pleurisy
With dry pleurisy, there is no liquid in the pleura, fibrin acts on its surface. Basically, this form of pleurisy precedes the development of exudative.
Dry pleurisy is often a secondary disease in many diseases of the lower respiratory tract and intrathoracic lymph nodes, malignant neoplasms, rheumatism, collagenoses and some viral infections.
Tuberculous pleurisy
Recently, the incidence of tuberculous pleurisy has increased, which occurs in all forms: fibrous, exudative and purulent.
In almost half of cases, the presence of dry pleurisy indicates that the body has a latent tuberculous process. By itself, pleural tuberculosis is rare, and for the most part fibrous pleurisy is a response to tuberculosis of the lymph nodes or lungs.
Tuberculous pleurisy, depending on the course of the disease and its features, is divided into three varieties: perifocal, allergic and tuberculosis of the pleura proper.
Purulent pleurisy of the
Purulent pleurisy cause such microorganisms as pathogenic staphylococci, pneumococci, streptococci. In rare cases, these are Proteus, Escherichian sticks. As a rule, purulent pleurisy develops after exposure to one type of microorganism, but it happens that the disease causes a whole association of microbes. Symptoms of purulent pleurisy. The course of the disease differs according to age. In infants of the first three months of life, purulent pleurisy is very difficult to recognize, as it disguises itself under the general symptoms associated with umbilical sepsis, pneumonia caused by staphylococci.
From the side of the disease the chest becomes convex. Also, there is a lowering of the shoulder, insufficient mobility of the arm. Older children experience standard symptoms of total pleurisy. You can also note a dry cough with phlegm, sometimes even with pus - with a breakthrough abscess of the pleura in the bronchi.
Closed pleurisy
Purulent pleurisy is one of the most severe forms of pleurisy, in which splicing pleural sheets leads to the accumulation of a pleural extrudate.
This form develops as a result of prolonged inflammatory processes in the lungs and pleura that lead to numerous adhesions and delimit the exudate from the pleural cavity. Thus, the effusion accumulates in one place.
Exudative pleurisy
Exudative pleurisy differs by the presence of fluid in the cavity of the pleura. It can be formed as a result of a chest injury with bleeding or hemorrhage, lymph flow.
By the nature of this fluid pleurisy is divided into serous-fibrinous, hemorrhagic, chyleous and mixed. This fluid, often of unknown origin, is called an effusion, which is also capable of restraining the movement of the lungs and making breathing difficult.
Symptoms of pleurisy
In case of pleurisy, symptoms may differ depending on how the pathological process proceeds - with or without exudate.
Dry pleurisy is characterized by the following symptoms:
- Stitching pain in the chest, especially when coughing, deep breathing and abrupt movements,
- forced position on the sore side,
- superficial and sparing breath, while the affected side visually lags behind in breathing,
- when listening -noise of friction of the pleura, weakening of breathing in the fibrin deposits,
- fever, chills and intense sweating.
In exudative pleurisy, the clinical manifestations are somewhat different:
- blunt pain in the affected area,
- dry painful cough,
- severe lag of the affected thorax in the breath,
- sensation of heaviness, dyspnea, bulging of the gaps between the ribs,
- weakness, fever, severe chillsand profuse sweat.
The most severe course is noted with purulent pleurisy:
- high body temperature;
- severe chest pain;
- chills, aches all over the body;
- tachycardia;
- earthy skin tint;
- weight loss.
If the course of pleurisy acquires a chronic character, then cicatricial changes are formed in the lung in the form of pleural adhesions, which prevent the full spreading of the lung. Massive pneumofibrosis is accompanied by a decrease in the perfusion volume of lung tissue, thereby aggravating the symptoms of respiratory failure.
Complications of
The outcome of pleurisy largely depends on its etiology. In cases of persistent pleurisy, the development of the adhesion process in the pleural cavity, the infection of the interlobar crevices and pleural cavities, the formation of massive moles, the thickening of pleural sheets, the development of pleurosclerosis and respiratory failure, and the limitation of the mobility of the dome of the diaphragm can not be ruled out.
Diagnosis
Before determining how to treat pleurisy of the lungs, it is worth to go through the examination and determine the causes of its occurrence. In the clinic, the following examinations are used to diagnose pleurisy:
- examination and interview of the patient;
- clinical examination of the patient;
- X-ray examination;
- blood test;
- analysis of pleural effusion;
- microbiological examination.
Diagnosis of pleurisy as a clinical condition usually presents no particular difficulties. The main diagnostic difficulty in this pathology is to determine the cause that caused inflammation of the pleura and the formation of pleural effusion.
How to treat pleurisy?
When symptoms of pleurisy appear, treatment should be comprehensive and aimed primarily at eliminating the underlying process that led to its development. Symptomatic treatment is intended to anesthetize and speed up the resorption of fibrin, to prevent the formation of extensive splints and fusions in the pleural cavity.
At home, only patients with diagnosed dry( fibrinous) pleurisy should be treated, all other patients should be hospitalized for examination and selection of an individual regimen for pleurisy of the lungs.
The specialized department for this category of patients is the therapeutic department, and patients with purulent pleurisy and empyema of the pleura need specialized treatment in a surgical hospital. Each of the forms of pleurisy has its own peculiarities of therapy, but in any type of pleurisy, etiotropic and pathogenetic direction in treatment is shown.
So, for dry pleurisy is prescribed to the patient:
- Anesthetic, ketones, tramadol are prescribed for relief of pain syndrome in case of ineffectiveness of these drugs; in hospital conditions, narcotic analgesics can be administered.
- Effective warming semi-alcohol or camphor compresses, mustard plasters, iodide mesh.
- Prescribe drugs that suppress cough - sinecode, kodelak, libexin.
- Since the primary cause is most often tuberculosis, after confirmation of the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy in the TB dispensary, specific treatment is carried out.
If the pleurisy is exudative with a lot of effusion, do a pleural puncture to evacuate it or drain it. At a time, no more than 1.5 liters of exudate is pumped out, so as not to provoke cardiac complications. With purulent pleurisy, the cavity is washed with antiseptics. If the process has become chronic, resort to pleurectomy - surgical removal of the pleura to prevent relapse. After resorption of exudate, patients are prescribed physiotherapy, physiotherapy exercises, respiratory gymnastics.
In case of acute tuberculous pleurisy, preparations such as isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol or rifampicin may be included in the complex. The course of treatment of tuberculosis itself takes about a year. With parapnevognicheskom pleuritis, the success of treatment depends on the selection of antibiotics based on the sensitivity of pathological microflora to them. In parallel, immunostimulatory therapy is prescribed.