The general analysis of a blood - perhaps, the most widespread method of laboratory diagnostics. In a modern civilized society there is virtually no person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.
After all, this study is carried out not only ill, but also quite healthy people with routine physical examinations at work, in educational institutions, service in the army.
This blood test includes determination of hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte count and count of leukocyte count, determination of erythrocyte count, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate( ESR) and other indicators.
Thanks to the correct interpretation of the results of a general blood test, it is possible to establish the cause of the appearance of certain symptoms in adults, determine the type of blood disease, internal organs, and choose the right treatment regimen.
What is it?
The total( expanded) blood test includes:
- Hemoglobin and hematocrit.
- The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation( ESR), which was formerly called the reaction( ESR).
- Color indicator, calculated by the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
- Determination of the content of blood cell elements: red blood cells - red blood cells containing pigment hemoglobin, determining the color of blood, and leukocytes, which this pigment does not contain, therefore are called white blood cells( neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).
As you can see, a general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. As for , the correct delivery of the analysis, there are no complicated strict instructions about this testing, but there are certain limitations:
- Analysis is performed in the morning. The patient is forbidden to eat food, water for 4 hours before taking a sample of blood.
- The main medical accessories that are used for taking blood are scarifier, cotton wool, alcohol.
- For this examination, use capillary blood, which is taken from the finger. Less often, according to the doctor's instructions, can use blood from the vein.
After receiving the results, a detailed analysis of the blood test is made. There are also special hematological analyzers, with which you can automatically determine up to 24 blood parameters. These devices are able to print a printout with a transcript of the blood test almost immediately after blood sampling.
General blood test: norm of the indices in the table
The table shows the normal numbers of blood elements. In different laboratories these values may differ, therefore, to determine whether the blood counts are accurate, it is necessary to find the reference values of the laboratory in which the blood test was performed.
Table of normal indicators of general blood test in adults:
| Analysis: | Adult females: | Adult males: |
| Hemoglobin | 120-140 g / l | 130-160 g / l |
| Hematocrit | 34.3-46.6% | 34.3-46.6% |
| Platelets | 180-360 × 109 | 180-360 × 109 |
| Erythrocytes | 3,7-4,7 × 1012 | 4-5,1 × 1012 |
| Leukocytes | 4-9 × 109 | 4-9 × 109 |
| ESR | 2-15 mm / h | 1-10 mm / h |
| Color index | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 |
| Reticulocytes | 0,2-1,2% | 0,2-1,2% |
| Thrombockite | 0.1-0.5% | 0.1-0.5% |
| Eosinophils | 0-5% | 0-5% |
| Basophils | 0-1% | 0-1% |
| Lymphocytes | 18-40% | 18-40% |
| Monocytes | 2-9% | 2-9% |
| Average volume of red blood cells | 78-94 fl | 78-94 fl |
| Average hemoglobin content in red blood cells | 26-32 pg | 26-32 pg |
| Stab granulocytes( neutrophils) | 1-6% | 1-6% |
| Segmented granulocytes( neutrophils) | 47-72% | 47-72% |
Each of these indices is important for deciphering the blood test, however, a reliable study resultis formed not only from the comparison of the obtained data with the norms - all quantitativeThese characteristics are considered in the aggregate, in addition, the relationship between different indicators of blood properties is taken into account.
Erythrocytes
Formed blood elements. They contain hemoglobin, which is found in each of the erythrocytes in the same amount. Erythrocytes are involved in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Enhancement of :
- Vaquez disease( erythremia) is a chronic leukemia.
- As a result of hypohydration with sweating, vomiting, burns.
- As a consequence of hypoxia in the body with chronic diseases of the lungs, heart, narrowing of the renal arteries and polycystic kidneys. An increase in the synthesis of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia leads to an increase in the formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
Decreased :
- Anemia.
- Leukemia, myeloma - blood tumors.
The level of erythrocytes in the blood becomes less and in diseases that are characterized by increased disintegration of red blood cells:
- hemolytic anemia;
- deficiency in the body of iron;
- lack of vitamin B12;
- bleeding.
The average life span of red blood cells is 120 days. These cells form in the bone marrow, and are destroyed in the liver.
Platelets
Formal blood elements involved in providing hemostasis. Thrombocytes form in the bone marrow of megakaryocytes.
A rise in platelet count( thrombocytosis) is observed with:
- bleeding;
- splenectomy;
- reactive thrombocytosis;
- treatment with corticosteroids;
- physical overvoltage;
- deficiency of iron;
- malignant neoplasms;
- acute hemolysis;
- myeloproliferative disorders( erythremia, myelofibrosis);
- chronic inflammatory diseases( rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver).
A drop in platelet count( thrombocytopenia) is observed with:
- reduced platelet production;
- DIC-syndrome;
- increased platelet destruction;
- hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
- splenomegaly;
- autoimmune diseases.
The main function of this blood component is to participate in blood clotting. Inside the platelets, most of the clotting factors are contained, which are released into the blood if necessary( damage to the vessel wall).Due to this property, the damaged vessel is clogged by the forming thrombus and the bleeding stops.
White blood cells
White blood cells. They form in the red bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. In other words, it is immunity.
Increase of of leukocytes:
- infection, inflammation;
- allergy;
- leukemia;
- condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis.
Reduction of leukocytes:
- bone marrow pathology;
- infection( influenza, rubella, measles, etc.);
- genetic immunity anomalies;
- increased function of the spleen.
There are different types of leukocytes, so the diagnostic value is the change in the number of individual species, rather than all of the white blood cells in general.
Basophils
Going to tissues, turn into mast cells responsible for histamine release - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.
- Enhancement of : hypersensitivity reactions, chicken pox, hypothyroidism, chronic sinusitis.
- Decrease in : hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.
Basophils take part in the formation of immunologic inflammatory reactions of delayed type. Contain a large number of substances that cause inflammation of the tissues.
Eosinophils
Cells that are responsible for allergies. In norm they should be from 0 to 5%.In case of an increase in the indicator, it indicates the presence of allergic inflammation( allergic rhinitis).Importantly, the number of eosinophils can be increased in the presence of helminthic invasions! Especially often it happens in children. This fact should be taken into account by pediatricians for the correct diagnosis.
Neutrophils
They are divided into several groups - young, stab and segmented. Neutrophils provide antibacterial immunity, and their varieties are the same cells of different ages. Due to this, it is possible to determine the severity and severity of the inflammatory process or the damage to the hematopoietic system.
An increase in the number of neutrophils is noted in infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors. In severe diseases, mostly stab neutrophils increase - a so-called staphylococcus aureus occurs.stab-shift left. In particularly severe conditions, purulent processes and sepsis, young forms can be found in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, in severe cases, toxic granularity is found in neutrophils.
MON - monocytes
This element is considered a variation of white blood cells in macrophage form, i.e.their active phase, which absorbs dead cells and bacteria. The norm for a healthy person is from 0.1 to 0.7 * 10 ^ 9 el / l.
The decrease in the level of MON is due to heavy operations and the intake of corticosteroids, an increase indicates the development of rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, tuberculosis, mononucleosis and other infectious diseases.
GRAN - granulocytes
Granular leukocytes are activators of the immune system in the fight against inflammation, infections and allergic reactions. The rate for a person is from 1.2 to 6.8 * 10 ^ 9 el / l.
The level of GRAN increases with inflammation, decreases with red lupus and aplastic anemia.
Color index
Reflects the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Used for differential diagnosis of anemia: normochromic( normal amount of hemoglobin in erythrocyte), hyperchromic( increased), hypochromic( low).
- Reduction of CP occurs with: iron deficiency anemia;anemia caused by lead intoxication, with diseases with a violation of hemoglobin synthesis.
- An increase in the CP occurs when: vitamin B12 deficiency in the body;insufficiency of folic acid;cancer;polyposis of the stomach.
The norm of the color index( CPU): 0,85-1,1.
Hemoglobin
Increase in hemoglobin concentration occurs with erythremia( decrease in the number of red blood cells), erythrocytosis( increase in the number of erythrocytes), as well as in the thickening of the blood due to a large loss of body fluids. In addition, the hemoglobin index is increased with cardiovascular decompensation.
If the hemoglobin is more or less than the normal limit, this indicates the presence of pathological conditions. Thus, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is observed in anemia of various etiologies and with blood loss. This condition is also called anemia.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit is the percentage of the volume of blood being studied to the volume occupied in it by red blood cells. This indicator is calculated in percent.
A decrease in of the hematocrit occurs with:
- anemia;
- starvation;
- pregnancy;
- water retention in the body( chronic renal failure);
- excessive protein content in plasma( myeloma);
- abundant drink or the introduction of a large number of solutions intravenously.
Increased of hematocrit above the norm speaks of:
- leukemia;
- of true polycythemia;
- burn disease;
- diabetes mellitus;
- kidney disease( hydronephrosis, polycystosis, neoplasm);
- fluid loss( profuse sweating, vomiting);
- peritonitis.
Normal hematocrit: Men - 40-48%, women - 36-42%.
ESR
The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation shows how quickly blood is divided into two layers - the upper( plasma) and lower( shaped elements).This indicator depends on the number of erythrocytes, globulins and fibrinogen. That is, the more red cells in a person, the slower they settle. Increasing the number of globulins and fibrinogen, on the contrary, accelerates the sedimentation of erythrocytes.
Causes of high ESR in a general blood test:
- Acute and chronic inflammatory processes of an infectious origin( pneumonia, rheumatism, syphilis, tuberculosis, sepsis).
- Diseases of the heart( myocardial infarction - damage to the heart muscle, inflammation, synthesis of the "acute phase" proteins, including fibrinogen.)
- Diseases of the liver( hepatitis), pancreas( destructive pancreatitis), intestines( Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis),kidneys( nephrotic syndrome).
- Hematological diseases( anemia, lymphogranulomatosis, myeloma).Endocrine pathology( diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis).
- Trauma of organs and tissues( surgical operations, wounds and fractures of bones) - any damage increases the ability of red blood cells to aggregate.
- Conditions accompanied by severe intoxication.
- Poisoning by lead or arsenic.
- Malignant neoplasms.
ESR lower than is typical for the following body conditions:
- Mechanical jaundice and as a consequence - the release of a large number of bile acids;
- High level of bilirubin( hyperbilirubinemia);
- Erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis;
- Sickle-cell anemia;
- Chronic circulatory failure;
- Reduction in the level of fibrinogen( hypofibrinogenemia).
ESR, as a nonspecific indicator of the disease process, is often used to monitor its course.