After kidney transplantation, the recipient of the donor organ may become unacceptable and the rejection will begin to develop. With this you can cope with the help of drug therapy. But to maintain the normal operation of the transplanted kidney it is necessary to follow a certain diet. This will allow the kidney to work in a sparing mode, accelerate rehabilitation, healing and healing processes.
Diet after kidney transplantation
Diet therapy is an important stage in the complex treatment of many diseases. Therapeutic diet is prescribed for exacerbation and for the prevention of recurrences of chronic diseases, in the postoperative period, with pathologies of organs, including kidneys."You are what you eat" - this phrase appeared for a reason. The chemical composition of blood directly depends on the consumed products, on the content of microelements and vitamins in them. To successfully pass the rehabilitation period after kidney transplantation, it is necessary to strictly adhere to a diet that allows the transplant to settle down and function fully. On average, after transplantation, the organ works only 15-20%, but this index increases as the kidney engrafts.
It is necessary to make a diet in such a way that these and other important trace elements are in food in sufficient quantity. Still strictly prohibited the use of alcoholic beverages, toxic effects on the kidney tissue. It is necessary to limit the consumption of liquid, so as not to create an excessive load.
After kidney transplantation, most patients gain excess weight, which adversely affects the general condition. This is another reason why you should adhere to a well-designed diet. Strict restrictions on food intake are imposed for a period of 6 to 12 months, depending on the speed of rehabilitation of the patient. Such a period is justified by the duration of transplant engraftment and the difficulty with engraftment. After a year after the operation, one can confidently talk about successful kidney transplantation.
Basic principles of
In modern society, the problem of obtaining donor organs is acute."Demand" is ten times higher than the "offer" - the number of patients for kidney transplantation increases every year. The most safe is considered to be a "living" related blood donation, that is, kidney removal from a living relative. But far from all patients have relatives with the same blood group and level of leukocyte agents( HLA-study), who can sacrifice the body without prejudice to their own health.
In addition, the donor should be excluded from such diseases as:
- HIV and AIDS;
- hepatitis B and C;
- venereal diseases;
- helminthic invasion;
- cancer;
- tuberculosis.
This makes it extremely difficult to find a donor, so the transplant association is reviewing the criteria and conditions for organ harvesting. The proposed methods( postmortem removal of organs, use of the kidneys of elderly people who died from other pathologies) are considered marginal in society and are met with disapproval, especially by believers. Such donors are considered marginal and are called "donors of extended criteria".
Given the difficulty of kidney removal from a living donor person for further transplantation, kidneys of corpses extracted immediately after the onset of biological death are often used. The received graft is cleaned from blood, connected to the device for artificial pumping of liquids, perfused with a preservative solution( Custodiol, EuroCollins, UW, Viaspan) and continuously washed by it.
This allows you to keep the organ in the best condition. But the technique is too costly, so the triple pack system is often used and the storage temperature is not more than 5-6 ° C:
- The discolored organ is placed in a sterile bag filled with a preservative solution.
- The second layer is a bag with crushed sterile snow.
- Third, the external package is filled with ice-cold saline.
In such a multi-layered package, the kidney can be stored for up to 72 hours, the best survival rates are noted if the transplantation was performed in the first 24 hours.
A kidney obtained from a living donor is much better, because it does not suffer from cold ischemia. When receiving a postmortem organ, transplantation is carried out unplanned. The recipient is in a medical facility and waits for a suitable donor to appear. When transplanting from a live donor, the operation is planned, it is possible to carefully examine the donor.
At the moment in the Russian Federation, kidney transplantation is allowed only from a close capable relative( genetic linkage factor) aged 18 to 65 years who gave voluntary consent for organ transplantation.
By and large, the transplantation operation is not limited to the intervention of the surgeon. After the completion of operational operations, a rehabilitation process begins, during which rejection of the transplanted kidney may occur, leading to an imminent death. Therefore, each patient must carefully monitor his own condition, follow all medical recommendations and adhere to the prescribed diet.
There are several principles of nutrition that must be followed after kidney transplantation:
- Restriction of intake of table salt.
- Disclaimer of spices.
- Disclaimer of canned products.
- The predominance of plant foods.
- Refusal of fatty meat and sausages.
- Moderate protein intake.
- Refusal of alcohol-containing beverages.
- Restriction of coffee and tea consumption.
- Instead of whole milk, dairy products with reduced fat content are preferable.
- Consumption of up to 2 liters of liquid per day, including liquid food( soups, broths, etc.).
This does not have the best effect on the condition of the transplanted kidney, it can provoke kidney failure, increased swelling and an attack of hypertension. For the same reason, it is not recommended to eat spices, smoked products, canned and marinated foods, cheeses and sausages.
Vegetable food has a lot of fiber, which is very important for maintaining normal bowel function, especially in the early postoperative period. In addition, proteins found in legumes are better absorbed and less oxidized, which reduces the burden on the kidneys. The use of vegetables and fruits in fresh form or with minimal heat treatment allows the body to more effectively absorb useful micro-compounds and vitamins.
After a kidney transplant, it is recommended to adhere to a diet with a low fat content, therefore it is recommended to abandon fatty meat varieties.
Not recommended use:
- pork;
- ducklings;
- lamb;
- greasy fish( in large quantities).
At the same time it is not recommended to refuse meat either. This can lead to a drop in hemoglobin and a decrease in the healing of postoperative wounds, which in turn can lead to deterioration of the graft.
Therefore, in the menu, preference should be given to low-fat meat varieties, such as:
- chicken( breast);
- turkey;
- rabbit;
- veal or low-fat beef;
- river fish;
- seafood.
Alcohol can only be allowed to a healthy person. In the presence of diseases of the cardiovascular, digestive system, and the more liver or kidneys, alcohol is contraindicated! There can be no question of even a good wine, a bottle of beer once a week or home moonshine. People who have undergone kidney transplantation are strictly forbidden to drink alcohol in any quantities and for any reason. This is a taboo for the rest of your life.
Coffee, tea, as well as sweet soda, juices( and freshly squeezed, and prepared from concentrates) should be limited.
It is not a question of completely abandoning these drinks, but in order to prevent some pathologies, it is necessary to abstain from them:
- diabetes mellitus;
- obesity and weight gain;
- increased load on the transplanted kidney.
Fermented milk products are much better absorbed than milk itself. Therefore, in diseases of the kidneys, as well as after organ transplantation, it is preferable to prefer fermented milk products, with a lower fat content( ~ 2.5%):
- kefir;
- the fermented woman;Yogurt;
- ;
- cottage cheese;
- yogurt;
- curd cheese with low salt content;
- ricotta;
- matzoni.
The main principles of the diet after kidney transplantation:
Features of the
diet In the diet shown after the transplantation of the kidneys, there are nuances:
- Food should be cooked without using oil:
- per pair;
- baking;
- extinguishing;
- boiling;
- allowance.
- Meals should be divided. It is better to organize 5-7 approaches in small portions. This will allow you to gradually digest foods, do not load the digestive tract and ensure the constant supply of trace elements into the bloodstream.
- Need to abandon fast food and snacks. It is better to organize meals every 2 hours.
- It is necessary to reduce or completely abandon the taste enhancers:
- spices;
- salts;
- of sugar;
- seasonings.
The state of the body is well affected by the use of foods high in potassium and magnesium. These elements support cardiac activity and vascular tone, which is very important in the process of kidney engraftment. The most famous "kladezi" potassium - dried apricots, prunes, raisins. Magnesium - bran, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds, lentils and peas.
Consumption of excessive amounts of calcium and phosphorus, as well as poor digestibility, lead to the deposition of salts in the kidney and lead to the formation of stones. This is a very dangerous condition for a person who has undergone transplantation, especially if the damage to his kidneys was caused by chronic kidney stone disease. Calcium, its salts and phosphates are certainly necessary for the body, especially when over the age of 45-50 years, when the risk of developing osteoporosis is high, but it is recommended to use them moderately and only after consultation and approval of the attending physician.
What you can eat
The recommended products are:
- Green vegetables( all kinds of cabbage, green beans, young peas, spinach, asparagus, celery, herbs: onions, dill, parsley, coriander, etc.)
- Root crops: Turnip, radish,beet, Jerusalem artichoke, carrots.
- Pumpkin: pumpkins themselves, squash, zucchini and zucchini.
- Pulses: peas, beans, lentils, mung beans, chickpeas.
- Nightshade: tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant.
- Macaroni products of solid grades, whole grain bread with the addition of bran and sesame.
- Cereals: corn, barley, pearl barley, buckwheat, millet, oats.
- Low-fat meat( turkey, rabbit, chicken breasts, river fish, seafood).
- Fruit and dried fruits. They contain many useful elements and minerals, vitamins and micro-compounds.
- Sour-milk products.
To acceptable products, the consumption of which is recommended in small volumes not more than once a week, are:
- Diuretics: watermelon, melon, cucumber, fennel.
- White bread.
- Nuts( any, because they contain a lot of protein and fat).
- Sweets( these are simple carbohydrates - the shortest way to a quick set of excess weight).
- Coffee. It is recommended to abandon soluble coffee, giving preference to ground grain. Large amounts of coffee badly affect all body systems. Also it is not recommended to drink strong tea and it is better to refuse the addition of sugar.
For lunch - full second courses: steamed home-made chops, meatballs, baked or boiled meat. For a side dish - puree of lentils or peas, pod beans, pasta. For dinner - salads or side dishes( stew) with carrots, turnips, cabbage( any kind), beetroot. You can add a little meat or fish, and it is better to refrain from carbohydrates. Basic meals can be divided 4 or 5 times. Between them, snacks should be organized, for which fit: dried fruits, sour-milk products or fruit.
What is prohibited
A definitive prohibition is imposed on salted and marinated products, for example:
- salted tomatoes;
- pickled cucumbers;
- canned, salted, dried fish;
- sausages( sausages, smoked and boiled sausages, shpikachki, sausages, etc.);
- margarine and butter;
- cheeses( especially highly salted and smoked products);
- carbonated and alcohol-containing beverages, including kvass.
All of the above products have a very negative impact on the condition of the kidneys, give an increased burden on the transplanted organ.