Pathology is benign. Despite this, the pericardial cyst is dangerous for the patient's life, because it increases and is fraught with complications.
Therefore, the earlier a problem is detected and measures are taken to eliminate it, the better the forecast.
What is the coelomic cyst of the pericardium?
Benign education, adjacent to the heart, is called a pericardial cyst.
It has a cavity filled with liquid. The contents of the cyst are serous in nature, the liquid is transparent.
The tissue of the cyst walls is like a pericardium. Its surface is smooth, has a yellowish gray color. Cysts are characterized by transparent thin walls.
The remaining cases have such statistics associated with the localization of the pathology:
- on the base of the heart is 10%,
- 30% of the cysts are detected in the cardiac diaphragmatic corner of the heart on the left side.
Women over 40 years of age make up the majority among patients with pericardial cyst.
Classification
Education is distinguished according to the chosen criteria. There are several types of classification of pericardial cysts.
There are pathologies in terms of the number of hollow chambers created by the disease:
- single-chambered,
- multi-chamber.
The location of the cysts may be:
- area of the right cardiac diaphragmatic angle,
- heart base zone,
- area of the cardiac diaphragmatic angle on the left side.
Classify the problem by the principle of reporting cysts with the pericardial area:
- Pericardial - the lesions are reported directly to the pericardium.
- Parapercardial - sometimes the cyst has a planar fusion with the pericardium, more often they are connected by means of a special pedicle.
- Extra -paradial - the location of the cyst in relation to the pericardium is atypical.
By origin, the cysts are divided into the following types:
- congenital,
- acquired.
Reasons for
Factors that initiate the formation of acquired cysts:
- Tumor diseases in the pericardium. The oncological process can be manifested in the first stage by the formation of cysts.
- A hematoma in the heart as a result of trauma can serve as a prerequisite for the formation of a cyst.
- One option is the formation of cysts due to inflammatory processes occurring in the heart, such as:
- pericarditis,
- endocarditis,
- myocarditis.
- To the causes that initiate the appearance of a cyst, the parasitic factor is considered.
Cysts of acquired nature - a phenomenon that is rare.
Causes of congenital pathology:
- The problem lies in the perinatal period due to impaired pleural development.
- The appearance of neoplasm occurs during the formation of embryonic sheets in connection with the pathology of their development.
Symptoms of
Pericardial cysts have such a feature that for a long time their presence does not cause anxiety and remains unnoticed. In this case, it is possible to detect the problem if another reason led to an X-ray examination.
It can be:
- dyspnea,
- in the heart zone painful sensations,
- large cysts cause discomfort associated with the squeezing of nearby organs:
- of the coronary arteries,
- of the bronchi,
- of the esophagus,
- of the atria;
- if the patient changes the position of the body, then a dry cough appears,
- is the same when the patient receives physical exertion;
- hoarseness,
- heartbeat,
- swallowing occurs with difficulty,
- possibly a change in the shape of the chest in the projection over the site of the disease,
- veins on the neck noticeably swell.
Discomfort when changing the position of the body due to the fact that the fluid while moving and touching the pericardial receptors. Externally, the patient does not acquire painful symptoms. Over time, the symptomatology is growing, because cysts tend to increase their size.
Complications of
Growth in education leads to compression of other organs. This situation carries a threat to the life of the patient.
Another circumstance can create a complication - a cyst rupture. As a result, the fluid gets into the heart wall, which was inside. This phenomenon has an area on which the contents of the cyst fell, to the onset of oncology.
Diagnosis
To determine whether there are cysts on the pericardium, a number of studies need to be carried out.
- Multi-plane radiography is used as a way to get the first answer to the question whether a tumor is present in the intended area. If suspicions are confirmed, then other methods are used to clarify the nature of the tumor and other details.
- Computer diagnostics provides information on the features of pathology, the localization of cysts. The study shows which contours are present, covered by cystic formations, which contributes to the diagnosis of the type of lesion.
The photo shows a picture of a CT cyst of the pericardium
- Echocardiography is a method capable of detecting the presence of cysts. Additionally, experts assess the general condition of the heart.
- Thoracoscopy is an endoscopic examination capable of transmitting an image of the pathological zone to the monitor using special equipment. Characteristics of the formations, their outlines - the necessary information for specialists to make a diagnosis. Perhaps, and the decision after diagnostics at once to make removal of a cyst is accepted.
- Magnetic resonance imaging belongs to the most modern diagnostic methods. The uniqueness of the method lies in the fact that it allows not only to notice the formations, but also to determine their nature, whether they are cysts.
- Catheterization is an invasive method of examination. Its use allows you to know about the condition of the walls of the heart.
Treatment of pericardial cysts
Cysts are removed surgically. The following methods are used for surgical intervention:
- open surgery,
- thoracoscopy.
The first method is traditional. Its use requires a surgeon of high skill. The cyst is removed, and if there is a violation of the integrity of the pericardium, then it is simply restored by cross-linking the tissues.
The second method relates to modern minor traumatic operations. Endoscopic surgery involves small punctures in the sternum zone.
Endoscopic instruments fall into the place of manipulation through these holes. A miniature video camera built into the instruments performing the operation transfers the image to the screen.
Basic actions during thoracoscopy:
- Examination of cystic education and decision-making on a further mode of action.
- In case of a large pathology, it is dehydrated by puncture.
- The cyst is removed, gradually removing, until it is completely destroyed. The walls of the pericardium are not injured.
- The cyst is covered with a foot, making it a bandage.
The video presents computer tomography data and the course of the operation to remove the coelomic pericardial cyst: