Dioktofimoz is a helminth disease that is very rare in humans, but isolated cases of infection have nevertheless been detected in the basins of the Central Asian and Siberian rivers( Amudarya, Syrdarya, Amur), as well as in Dagestan. Helminthiasis is caused by a nematode belonging to the family Dioctophymidae. The causative agent is a fairly large parasite( 20 to 100 cm long).The female is bright red, loves to "settle" in the renal pelvis. Development occurs with the participation of an intermediate host( fish).It grasps the mouth with water, which contains eggs. Inside them, the invasive larva is actively developing. It easily gnaws into the wall of the host's stomach, and then through it penetrates into the abdominal cavity, from there to the liver, where the first moult takes place. After this, puberty of worms occurs, adult individuals migrate to the renal pelvis. Infection with dioktofimozom occurs when eating contaminated raw fish, if swallowed water during bathing in ponds with standing water.
Dioktofimoz in humans is extremely difficult. Once in the stomach, larvae or adult worms are introduced into the muscular layer of the organ. They easily gnaw through the walls of the stomach and move to the parenchyma of the liver. But even here the parasite does not stay long. His goal is the renal parenchyma. Only there the female is able to lay eggs. Therefore, worms aggressively migrate throughout the body, damaging the biliary system. Since the right kidney is closer to the liver anatomically, it is she who is affected first. Damage to one kidney is a sure sign of dioktofimoza. Symptoms of the described helminthiosis are very characteristic.
Features of dioktofimoza in humans
As already mentioned above, dioktofimoz in a man causes damage to several organs at once, the symptoms appear as the internal systems are involved in the process of injury. First a person begins to experience a severe bloating, the patient has a belch, he notices in the stool presence of lumps of undigested food. When the parasite enters the stomach, a protective reaction is triggered in the form of an increase in the level of hydrochloric acid. That's why at the same time there is a strong heartburn, a stool in the direction of constipation, a dull pain in the abdomen, the exact dislocation of which is difficult to determine.
After two three days, these symptoms fade slightly, this is due to the fact that the worms from the stomach are transferred to the liver. The development of the second stage of dioktofimoza indicates a slight icterus of the mucous membranes of the eye and a sclera. No pain, but with pressure on the liver, it still appears.
The clinical picture appears brighter at the third stage of dioktofimoza, when the worms reach the kidneys. The patient sharply decreases the amount of excreted urine. That liquid that comes out, gets a red color, similar to the color of meat slops. If one or two symptoms are detected, it is an occasion to consult a parasitologist. Ignoring the appearance of the first signs of dioktofimoza can lead to the appearance of dangerous complications.
The most dangerous complication of dioktofimoz is obstruction of the ureter. The emergence of such pathology indicates a sharp pain, which is of a paroxysmal nature. She runs along the front wall of the peritoneum to the thigh and goes into the perineum. In addition to blockage of the ureter, the patient is able to develop cystitis, non-atrophic gastritis and anemia. A simple urine test helps to make an accurate diagnosis. Detection of eggs in it Dioctophymidae - a sure sign of dioktofimoza.
Treatment of dioktofimoza in humans
When diagnosed dioktofimoz, measures are taken depending on the stage of the disease. Conservative therapy is used in the first two stages( before the complete destruction of the right kidney).The patient is prescribed anthelmintic drugs. Classical remedies against the described species of nematodes are ineffective in this case. Especially when the culprit of helminthiasis becomes a giant pile - one of the varieties of Dioctophymidae. The choice of specific therapy depends on the precise identification of the infectious agent.
Conservative treatment does not help with kidney damage. It is possible to extract adult parasites only surgically. Helminths are removed from the renal pelvis, then treatment of renal disorders occurs. For advanced stages, forecasts can be extremely serious.
Some preventive measures help to prevent dioktofimoz. Do not swallow water while swimming in water with standing water, you can not eat raw, slightly salted, smoked and dried fish. It is better to subject all seafood to a thorough heat treatment.