The following methods of primary diagnostics of bovine chain are the most common:
- Collection of epidemiological information. An important role in the diagnosis of teniarinchosis is played by a person's questionnaire. In this case it is necessary to find out whether he used raw or insufficiently thermally processed meat of cattle. A positive response greatly increases the likelihood of confirmation of the diagnosis;
- Clinical data. When collecting clinical data, attention is paid to the state of the digestive system. Various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract( nausea, vomiting, unstable stool - constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, heartburn, abdominal pain) is also a sign of infection with a bull chain.
However, for more reliable diagnosis of arthritis, additional methods are required - to pass tests that determine the presence of a bovine tapeworm and its parts in the stool. The most informative diagnostic tests that enable you to find out if there is bovine tapeworm are:
- Study of proglottid bovine tapeworm. The task is simplified if the parasite has reached puberty, and its segments independently pass through the anus( they can also be present in the stool).Then the macroscopic method is used - the segments are delivered to the laboratory and there they are examined. In this case, the expert must establish whether this proglottid belongs to the bull or pork chain. The segment should have a uterus with lateral branches of more than 16, the length should be greater than the width. This confirms his belonging to the bull chain, being an important diagnostic feature;
- Stool analysis and scraping. Detect bovine tapeworm can be when identifying eggs, joints or the parasite itself in the feces( the method is called koprovoskopiya).The macroscopic method is used to identify the worm and its fragments. Microscopic - effective in the study of feces and perianal scrapings for the presence of eggs;
- Blood test. Some people consider the study of feces as the most revealing for diagnosis, however, during the first three months bovine tapeworm does not emit eggs. Therefore, the most reliable should be considered the results of a blood test. The methods of such studies are different, each of them has its own peculiarities. Let us consider them in more detail.
PCR diagnostics is a method of poly-dimensional chain reaction. It determines the presence of a DNA / RNA parasite. This test allows you to accurately understand whether the worm is present in the body and what kind of worm it is. The disadvantage of this diagnosis in the case of a tenanthinch is that it is impossible to determine the number of parasites. It should also be noted that the material for the PCR method can serve not only plasma, but also other biological fluids( urine, feces);
Hemoscanning, which is based on the fact that capillary blood from the finger is taken to test for bovine tapeworm. With the help of special equipment that projects the image on the screen, the patient in real time can see the composition of his "living" plasma. The biomaterial is used immediately after it is put in, it is not processed( not dyed, not dried).Under a microscope connected to a video camera, the sample is enlarged 2,000 times. The lab assistant comments on what he sees on the screen, how it looks, and helps the patient to understand it. If you want, you can take a photo or video. Hemoscanning makes it possible to assess the state of the immune system and to identify the presence of bovine tapeworm in the body.
Antigens( helminths, products of their vital activity, toxins) and antibodies to them( the immune response, protein blood compounds, capable to prevent the reproduction of microorganisms) are detected with the help of a serological test. The role of the biomaterial is serum. Special serum chemicals and markers are used in the serological diagnosis of tinearhynchosis. If the body has antibodies-immunoglobulins, then in vitro they will react with the antigen of the bovine chain, which is part of the laboratory reagent and will precipitate.
ELISA - enzyme immunoassay is the most reliable and widespread type of serological test. Identifies not only the presence, but also the species, the number of helminths in the body. It provides an opportunity to track the dynamics of the disease and treatment. For the detection of antibodies with shadowarhynchosis, other methods are used - RSK( complement fixation reaction), RNGA( indirect hemagglutination reaction), RIF( immunofluorescence reaction), RAL( agglutination reaction of latex).The disadvantage of the serological method is that it is not always possible to accurately determine the stage of the disease, and it is necessary to repeat the study in a few days. Decipher the results should be carried out by a specialist. It should be remembered that after complete recovery, antibodies in the body remain for several more months, which does not indicate a new invasion.
The examination of the intestine by radiography is a common instrumental method for diagnosing bovine tapeworm. If there are sharp pains in epigastrium( areas of the stomach) during a teniarhinhause, this may be the reason for carrying out an X-ray examination of the digestive tract with barium. Bovine tapeworm will be contoured in the form of a strip of clearing( width about 8 mm) after receiving contrast mass.