As is known to many, antibiotics should be taken strictly according to the doctor's prescription and with great care. In addition to killing bad bacteria and viruses, they can cause significant damage to good and beneficial bacteria. After taking antibiotics, pseudomembranous( antibiotic-associated) colitis occurs.
Antibiotic Associated Colitis is an inflammation of the intestines, which is very severe, which occurs after a prolonged intake of antibiotics. For this type of colitis is characterized by specific dysbiosis and fibrous plaques. Fibrous raids in another way are called pseudomembranes, hence the name pseudomembranous colitis.
In severe cases, severely impaired patients experience intoxication syndrome, dehydration with electrolyte damage, development of gross lesions of intestinal walls, which results in perforation as a result.
Causes of antibiotic-associated colitis
The main cause of colitis after taking antibiotics is long-term therapy with these medications. There is even a distribution of drugs that, in one way or another, affect the appearance of colitis. The most dangerous include: Clindamycin, Linkomycin. The least dangerous are: tetracycline, cephalosporin, ampicillin, erythromycin, levomycetin, penicillin.
But even here there are disagreements between specialists. Some of them believe that such a colitis can provoke all antibiotics and, moreover, laxatives and a number of cytostatics are added to them. Specific dysbacteriosis is the main characteristic. Develops a dysbacteriosis with a predominance of a microorganism - Clostridium difficile. Such a pathogenic bacterium is found in 3% of a healthy population of different ages. For the most part, this percentage is shared between children and newborns. Acknowledgment to this 50% of infected are children of younger age group.
The most interesting thing is that such a bacterium is peculiar not only to the human body, but also to the animals, regardless of whether the animals are domesticated or wild. And it can even be in ordinary soil.
That antibiotics contribute to the development of colitis, we found out, but what form is more dangerous? According to many sources, it turns out that the drugs that were received by injection are much more dangerous.
The most dangerous cause is the presence of the bacterium Clostridium difficile. This bacterium, being in the body, secretes toxins that have a bad effect on the epithelium of the intestinal wall. The influence of such toxins is enhanced by antibiotics.
Factors contributing to the development of colitis after antibiotics:
- Age group over 65 years;
- Existing severe pathologies, for example, oncology;
- Renal failure;
- Extensive surgery;
- Treatment in intensive care units.
Symptoms of colitis after antibiotics
In mild cases, specific diarrhea occurs after taking antibiotics. In this case, the symptomatology completely disappears if you completely cancel the taking of these medicines.
In moderate to severe cases, symptoms continue to manifest even after the abolition of antibiotic therapy for another 10 days.
The main symptom of pseudomembranous colitis is watery diarrhea. In severe forms of development, diarrhea can take the form of a rice broth. As a result of such watery diarrhea, concomitant clinical manifestations develop: tachycardia, paresthesia, convulsions and decreased muscle tone.
Bloody discharge( bloody diarrhea) can occur only in severe cases of colitis. Dehydration and prolonged diarrhea after antibiotics is also accompanied by a number of symptoms of intoxication:
- Elevated body temperature( often not more than 38 degrees).
- Headache.
- Decreased appetite.
- General weakness.
- Cramping pain.
Cramping pain is localized more often at the site of the sigmoid colon. This is the left lower abdomen.
Treatment of colitis after taking antibiotics
An initial diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis is based on an anamnesis. Anamnesis includes a list of patient complaints and the identification of symptoms. The main guidelines are the appearance of diarrhea, with severe intoxication, after stopping the use of antibiotics.
After anamnesis, laboratory and other studies are performed to confirm the initial diagnosis. A general blood test should reveal high leukocytosis. In severe form, a coprological examination will detect the presence of blood in the feces, a positive reaction to protein and a large number of leukocytes and mucus. When the feces are tested for bacteria, the bacterium Clostridium difficile is detected, if not, it does not mean that antibiotic-associated colitis is absent.
Endoscopy for the diagnosis of colitis is an obligatory phase of the study. If the lower divisions of the intestine are inflamed, then you can limit yourself to a sigmoidoscopy. What can be found? Such a study will give an accurate picture of inflammation, or rather, if the intestinal mucosa is inflamed, is there a plaque?
Treatment of colitis after taking antibiotics involves several stages:
- The diet is a prerequisite for the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis. The first days, you may have to starve, after slowly include in the diet products approved by a doctor.
- Etiotropic treatment. Be sure to stop taking antibiotics. The main direction is the destruction of the bacterium, which provokes the development of the disease.
- Correction of dysbacteriosis. In order not to aggravate the situation of the patient, it is necessary to stop diarrhea immediately with bacterial preparations.
- Pathogenetic therapy. This therapy is aimed at treating and preventing the main syndromes of the disease: dehydration, intoxication, disturbance of protein and electrolyte metabolism.
- Symptomatic therapy - aimed at weakening and complete destruction of the symptoms of the disease.
- Surgical intervention. It is possible only in serious, severe cases of the disease. For example, in case of severe complications: perforation, toxic expansion of the intestine and others.
Adhesive colitis
Adhesive colitis is an inflammation of the intestines caused by the formation of adhesions. Spikes are in most cases located in the abdominal cavity between organs or loops of the intestine. Adhesive colitis is characterized by the fact that these formations solder the serous membranes with each other.
Disease appears:
- After pregnancy.
- After surgery.
- After abdominal injuries and organs in the abdominal cavity.
- After acute, chronic and inflammatory diseases.
Symptoms of the disease:
- May occur asymptomatically.
- Possible discomfort, like a painful sensation, similar to an ulcer. Often the pain occurs after heavy, physical exertion.
- In acute course, small bowel obstruction is assumed. In another way, it is called a commissural obstruction: abdominal pain, vomiting, lack of stool, bloating due to the impossibility of gases coming out.
This kind of colitis involves long-term therapy. Depending on the form of the disease, it can be treated at home or in a hospital. With mild forms of development, patients are recommended to resort to self-medication by folk methods and no antibiotics. Even doctors consider this method safer than using medicines. In severe cases, surgery is indispensable. Remove adhesions education is required. The operation is performed through a large incision or laparoscopic operation.